Marker Classification & Animations ZDSPB.com > Tech index > Marker classification & animations

Welcome to the new marker animations listing! Over the years I've attempted to organize markers into an easy classification method, but was never able to make a universal chart. There are simply too many overlapping designs; it's virtually impossible to create a single categorization system. To solve this problem, I've now created the giant listing below. An animation or diagram of each system is provided for visual purposes, then markers are described by the these variables:
1. How the bolt is controlled (mechanical [eg pump], balanced 4way triggering valve, unbalanced [eg blowforward], etc)
2. How the bolt is reset after firing (balanced 4way, blowback, spring return, etc)
3. Type of firing valve (spool valve bolt, or force-controlled poppet [FCP] that happens before or after bolt movement)
4. Type of air inlet restriction, if applicable (spool valve inlet, force-controlled poppet [FCP], or air constriction)
5. Sequence of firing movements, if applicable.

Terminology:
Remember! Markers often fit into multiple categories and many design aspects are borrowed from one-another. Some designs will fit within multiple categories, and some categories are subdivisions of others.

• Bolt positions: Most markers can be classified by the position of the bolt/breech when idle, called either open bolt or closed bolt.
  • Open bolt: the marker breech and bolt are opened when idle, common with semiautomatic markers. To fire, the bolt advances the next-loaded ball into the barrel then releases air to fire it in one swift motion, afterwards the bolt opens up to accept the next round automatically. Examples: Tippmann A5/98; Eclipse Ego/Etek
  • Closed bolt: the marker rests idle with a ball already advanced into the start of the barrel and its breech is in the forward/closed position. When firing, the loaded ball is immediately propelled, the bolt/breech opens to load the next round, and the bolt then closes to complete its cycle. This is more prominent with pump markers but also with some specialized types of semiautomatics (especially semiauto conversions of pump markers). Examples: CCI Phantom; WGP Autococker
  • Boltless: these markers do not possess a bolt, thus they are technically neither open nor closed. However, the operation of these markers is more similar to closed bolt action, but the lack of bolt necessitates its own category. Examples: AirStar Nova; ICE Epic; Tippmann SMG60/SMG68
• Firing valve action:
  • Hammer valve: Markers of this type use percussive force to open a spring-loaded pressure valve. Valves of this type are often actuated with a hammer or otherwise the forward momentum of the bolt itself.
    • Spring-forward: These markers have a spring-loaded hammer which is held in the "cocked" position by a mechanical sear. To fire, the sear releases the hammer which allows it to strike the valve and release a burst of air. Spring-firing markers can be configured into closed-bolt pump markers, or blowback semiauto markers. Examples: PGP pistol; CCI Phantom; F4 Illustrator; Tippmann A5/98
    • Balanced air forward/rearward: These markers replace the spring-forward movement and blowback motion with a two-way air piston. Markers of this type often share a very similar layout to open bolt blowbacks. Examples: Eclipse Ego/Etek; SP Impulse; BLAST Marq
    • FASOR: acronym for Forward-Air [then] Spring Operated Return; These markers use a one-way air piston to move forward, then return to the idle position via spring. This can be configured as either open bolt pneumatic, or independent-firing closed bolt (see FCP). Examples: DP Fusion; Infinity Legend; Osiris/F5 Autococker
  • Spool valve: These markers have their firing valve and bolt combined into one physical component. Sometimes the air inlet valve is also combined into the same component to create one single internal moving part, but sometimes the air inlet is controlled using a separate item (described as an FCP poppet on this page). Sometimes the air inlet isn't controlled by a valve at all, rather an inlet constriction, but shutoff valves are common with these markers.
    • Balanced spool valve: the spool valve bolt forms a two-way air piston to allow forward/rearward movement, controlled using a directional valve (pneumatic valve or a solenoid valve). The only force exerted on the bolt is from its directional valve. Examples: SP Shocker SFT/NXT; Dye Matrix; MacDev Clone
    • Blowforward: Dump chamber air expands behind the bolt, forcing it into the forward/firing position. All blowforwards ultimately release their pressure by way of spool valve action, although some use an FCP poppet to actuate the bolt. Examples: AGD Automag; SP Ion; DW Aedes
    • Air sear: subcategory of blowforward markers that use air pressure to hold the bolt open, which is then vented to allow forward movement and firing. This is the pneumatic equivalent to a marker using a blowforward bolt normally held open via spring. Examples: DP G3/G4; Eclipse Geo; Proto Rail
  • FCP valve: acronym for Force-Controlled Poppet; these are commonly called "poppet markers" but they do not use a spring-loaded valve to fire as with hammer-based designs. Instead, their valve is actuated by means of air pressure or other force applied to/from it. Generally the FCP poppet action occurs before or after the bolt movement, so it's described as sequential with a description of the order.
    • Firing poppet controls bolt sequence: Examples: Eclipse Etha; Dye NT; WM Assault-80;
    • Bolt controls firing poppet sequence: Examples: Empire Axe; BE Rainmaker;
    • Independent bolt/poppet: This definition is rare because it requires two separate valves to fire, which restricts it to only a few marker designs in existance. Examples: SP Shocker Sport; MQ-valve Autococker
• Heldforward: I created this term as a way to describe closed bolt markers whose bolt is held in the closed position by air pressure, which is automatically vented out when firing. Pump markers and semi-converted closed bolt markers do not fall within this category. Examples: AirStar Nova; y0da900 Ion bolt; Legion Shocker concept
• Slave valve: a special FCP poppet controlled alongside yet independant of the firing action. In other words, the solenoid's air output is delivered to two separate parts of the firing assembly (FCP and bolt) which actuates the components independently from one-another. Example: TAS Zealot
• Switch valve: most markers actuate their firing mechanism using pressure from the marker's air source. Switch valves are an alternative system wherein the firing mechanism is fueled by air pressure stored within the marker's dump reservoir. This has been unofficially coined a switch valve because air that is used to propel the ball is switched and redirected to actuate the bolt when firing. Example: Lurker Paragon; J4 Torque
• Inlet constriction: air inlet to the marker's dump chamber isn't completely sealed during firing, rather it's merely constricted down to restrict leakage. This is contrasted to an FCP shutoff valve, which completely seals off inlet during firing. There are design reasons behind either design type. Examples: SP Impulse; Empire Axe
• Bladder reservoir: valves of this type have an internal dump chamber that changes volume when firing, unlike all other markers which operate with a fixed volume. These dump chambers enlarge when filled with air pressure, then constrict down to smaller volume when firing. Examples: Eclipse Geo2/Geo3; DM3 Slambolt
• Articulating barrel: These unique markers do not have a bolt; instead the entire barrel slides forward and backward to seal off the marker breech. Examples: AirStar Nova; Splatmaster
• An asterisk (*) denotes a characteristic that defies classification. In this situation I chose the closest description that satisfied the operation, and made the marker fit within the chart alongside similar designs. For instance, many markers are listed as "balanced" when they actually have a slight bias in some direction, but the similarities to other markers leave them classified together. There are many other instances of bizarre designs that defy organization.
• Concept: markers with this tag are usually theoretical products that were never produced, or were only prototyped in small numbers and never made it into production. I will list ANY animation or diagram so long as it can theoretically function, however you must remember that information will be very limited for concepts and prototypes because they haven't reached mass market.

Submissions: If you have any additional animations for a marker not listed here, point them out to me and I will gladly host them!

Pop-up problems? The animation has to FULLY LOAD before the pop-up window will appear. Some animations are large in size (2-3 MB) so they might take a few seconds to load. If you get tired of waiting, open the link in a new tab instead.

Marker:	Firing assembly:	Animation:	Bolt actuation movement:		Firing valve:	Air inlet shutoff:	Sequential firing action:
Mechanical hammer/valve pump markers:
Sheridan		Animation	Mechanical pump (heldforward)		Hammer spring-firing valve	inlet constriction
WGP Sniper
PGP		Animation
Nelson Nel-Spot		Animation
Sterling		Animation
Splatmaster (articulating barrel)		Animation
Phantom		Animation
Traccer
Mechanical hammer/valve semiautomatic markers:
Kingman Spyder		Animation	Unbalanced against sear	blowback bolt return	Hammer spring-firing valve	inlet constriction
PMI Piranha
VM68		Animation
F4 Illustrator		Animation
Dragun
BE Stingray		Animation
Tippmann Prolite/Carbine/98/A-5 /X7/Salvo/AlphaBlack/Gryphon		Animation
		Animation
BT-4 / BT-16		Animation
Valken SW1
Electronic hammer/valve markers:
WDP/APS Angel		Animation	Balanced bolt/piston air actuation forward/rearward		Hammer air electropneumatic valve	inlet constriction
Bob Long Intimidator		Animation
Bob Long G6R		Cutaway
Eclipse Ego/CSL/Etek		Animation
		Animation
Eclipse Ego LV1		Animation
SP Impulse		Animation
SP 09 Impulse / JT Impulse		Diagram
Bob Long Marq/Onyx/Victory		Animation
Bob Long VCOM poppet		?
AKALMP Viking		Cutaway
Vanguard Creed ARV		Diagram
SP Nerve		Animation fast
		Animation slow
MacDev Cyborg		Diagram
Evil Pimp
ICD Promaster		Animation
AM Daidem
System-X NME
ICD Bushmaster
Tribal Twister/Mephisto/BBT
Air Challenger "265" concept
Alien Deception		Diagram
TAS Cobalt/Ruby concept		?
Axon concept		Animation fast
		Animation slow
DP Fusion		Animation fast	Unbalanced air actuation forward - FASOR	FASOR spring return	Hammer FASOR valve	inlet constriction
		Animation slow
DP Fusion FX		Animation
ICD BK0
Diablo Wrath
Infinity Legend		Animation
WGP Autococker / AP Sovereign		Animation	Balanced isolated bolt actuation (heldforward)		Hammer spring-firing valve	inlet constriction
WGP E-Blade Autococker
Evil Omen		Animation	Unbalanced heldforward	Spring bolt return		inlet constriction	Firing hammer controls bolt
ATS-AT		Animation	Unbalanced heldforward	Spring bolt return		inlet constriction	Sequential - bolt controls firing valve
BE Rainmaker		Animation	Balanced bolt/piston actuation forward/rearward			inlet constriction	Sequential - bolt controls firing valve
Tippmann SMG60/SMG68		Animation	Double action (no bolt)			inlet constriction
AKALMP Excalibur		Animation fast	Balanced isolated bolt actuation (heldforward)		Hammer air electropneumatic valve	inlet constriction	Dual-independant solenoids (firing first, then recocking)
		Animation slow
Sandridge Firestorm Autococker		Animation	Balanced isolated bolt actuation (heldforward)		Hammer FASOR valve	Sequential FCP	Dual-independant solenoids (firing first, then recocking)
Osiris Autococker
Balanced spool valve markers: (4-way bolt)
Smart Parts Shocker SFT/NXT	HE/NDZv3/EvolveULP bolt	Animation	balanced bolt actuation forward-rearward		spool valve bolt - balanced	spool valve bolt
		Animation fast
		Animation slow
	Evolve v1/v2 bolt	Animation fast
		Animation slow
DLX Luxe	original	Animation
	Luxe 2.0 bolt	Animation
FEP Quest		Animation
		Animation
Empire Vanquish		Diagram
Renegade ZR1		Diagram
Machine Vapor		Diagram
Air Challenger "264" concept		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Exalt marker concept		Diagram
Lee Kirwan "Omega-II" concept		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Smart Parts Shocker SFT/NXT	stock non-HE bolt	Animation fast				inlet constriction
		Animation slow
	Marmalade bolt concept	Diagram				Bladder reservoir*
	Freeflow bolt	Diagram				Bladder reservoir*
Maelstrom-Ma concept		Animation fast				inlet constriction
		Animation slow
MacDev Clone/VX/GT/GTi		Animation				Sequential FCP	Bolt controls poppet
MacDev Droid		Animation
TAS Zealot concept		Animation fast				Slave FCP valve	Solenoid controls both inlet and bolt
		Animation slow
Gen-E Matrix / Dye DM3 Matrix		Animation fast				spool valve bolt
		Animation slow
Dye DM/M2/ProtoMatrix	Fuse bolt	Animation
		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Blowforward markers: (air sear, 3-way bolt, etc)
Dye Matrix - slambolt		Animation	unbalanced blowforward	Air sear bolt return*	spool valve bolt - blowforward	Sequential FCP with bladder reservoir	Bolt controls poppet
Dangerous Power G3/G4/G5/iq	TFG bolt		unbalanced blowforward	Air sear bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward	Bladder reservoir
	stock bolts	Animation				inlet constriction
	TechT bolt	Animation
Dangerous Power G5		Animation
Dangerous Power Threshold		Animation
Eclipse Geo original		Animation
Eclipse Geo+		Animation
SP Ion/XE/Vibe/ Epiphany/EOS/ SP8/SP1	stock bolt & stock-replica bolts	Animation
		Animation
		Animation
	bolt with dual tail o-rings	Animation
	Orange Nano bolt	Animation
	TechT L7 bolt	Animation
	QEV/no QEV	Animation
	DW Hollowpoint bolt	Animation
	Orange NanoExtreme bolt	Animation				Sequential FCP	Bolt controls poppet
ICD Freestyle FS8		Animation
ICD Freestyle		Animation				inlet constriction
SP Shocker RSX		Diagram
Regency Crome2		Animation
Vanguard Demon		Diagram
Proto SLG		Animation
Hostile Creations Rogue		Animation	Unbalanced actuation forward	Air sear bolt return*	spool valve bolt - switch valve	spool valve bolt*
D3FY D3S
Proto Rail		Animation	unbalanced blowforward	Air sear bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward	spool valve bolt
		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Proto Rail 2011 Reflex		Animation
Dye DAM
SP Ion & Ion clone	SP spring valve concept	Diagram	unbalanced blowforward			Sequential FCP	Bolt controls inlet valve
Eclipse Geo+		Animation link	unbalanced blowforward			Slave FCP valve	Solenoid controls both inlet and bolt
Eclipse Geo2/Geo3		Animation				Bladder reservoir
Eclipse CS1		Animation slow
		Animation fast
Dye NT		Animation	unbalanced blowforward	Air sear bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward*	spool valve bolt	Firing valve controls bolt
Pixie concept		Animation fast	unbalanced blowforward	Air sear bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward	spool valve bolt	Firing valve controls bolt
		Animation slow
Shadowmachine concept		Animation fast	unbalanced actuation forward (FASOR)	Air spring bolt return (FASOR)	spool valve bolt - FASOR*	spool valve bolt
		Animation slow
Bob Long Insight NG		Animation	Unbalanced blowforward*	Air sear bolt return	spool valve bolt	spool valve bolt
AGD Automag /Minimag/Exmag	E/X Mag with RT valve	Animation fast	Unbalanced blowforward	Spring bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward	Sequential FCP	Mechanically-linked bolt & inlet
		Animation slow
	Pneumag modification	Animation fast
		Animation slow
	Level-10 bolt	Animation
Tiberius Tac8		Diagram
ICD Desert Fox		Diagram link
Deadlywind Aedes (mQ)		Animation fast	Unbalanced blowforward	Spring bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward	inlet constriction	Firing poppet controls bolt
		Animation slow
Hammerless poppet marker: (FCP, etc)
mQ-equipped electronic Autococker (E-Blade etc)		Animation	Balanced isolated bolt actuation (heldforward)		Sequential FCP (closed bolt)	inlet constriction	Dual-independant solenoids (firing first, then recocking)
SP Shocker Sport		Animation	Balanced isolated bolt actuation (heldforward)		Sequential FCP (closed bolt)	Sequential FCP	Firing valve controls inlet valve; dual-independent solenoids (firing first, then recocking)
		Animation fast
		Animation slow
PneuVentures Shocker		Diagram	Unbalanced actuation forward	Air spring bolt return
Husher Impulse concept		Animation link	99% balanced bolt actuation forward-rearward		spool valve bolt - balanced	spool valve bolt
J4 Torque		Animation	Unbalanced actuation forward	Air sear bolt return*	spool valve bolt - switch valve	spool valve bolt*	Spool valve bolt with spring inlet valve; air sear is the dump chamber
AirStar Nova (articulating barrel)		Animation fast	Unbalanced heldforward	Spring bolt return	Sequential FCP (closed bolt)	Sequential FCP	Firing poppet controls bolt
		Animation slow
AirStar SuperNova (articulating barrel)		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Warmachine Assault-80	Articulating barrel version
PGi Mayhem/FROG		Diagram
Mayhem pistol concept		Diagram
ICE Epic		Animation	Unbalanced heldforward*	Spring trapdoor return	Sequential FCP (closed bolt)	Sequential FCP	Mechanically-linked firing valve & inlet
Legion Shocker concept		Animation fast	Unbalanced heldforward	Air spring bolt return	Sequential FCP (closed bolt)	Sequential FCP	Firing poppet controls bolt
		Animation slow
SP Ion & Ion clone	y0da900 closed bolt mod	Animation
Thorpydo Plunger concept		Animation
Gnucleus concept		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Icebreaker T-shirt launcher concept		Animation	Single action (no bolt)
Thumper-A concept		Animation fast	Unbalanced heldforward	Air spring bolt return	Sequential FCP (closed bolt)	spool valve bolt	Firing poppet controls bolt
		Animation slow
Thumper-B concept		Animation fast
		Animation slow
Warmachine Assault-80	Stationary barrel version	Animation fast	Unbalanced blowforward	Spring bolt return	Blowforward & Sequential FCP	Sequential FCP	Poppet controls bolt forward, then bolt controls poppet backward
		Animation slow
Eclipse Etha		Animation	Unbalanced blowforward	Spring bolt return	spool valve bolt - blowforward	Sequential FCP	Inlet valve controls bolt
Tippmann X7 Phenom (Flexvalve)		Cutaway
Culex concept		Animation fast		Air spring bolt return
		Animation slow
Eclipse GTEK/GMEK		Animation
Lurker Paragon		Animation fast	Balanced bolt actuation forward-rearward*		spool valve bolt - switch valve	inlet constriction	Firing poppet controls bolt; solenoid fed using dump chamber air supply
		Animation slow
Invert-Empire Mini		Animation fast	Unbalanced actuation forward	Spring bolt return	Sequential FCP	inlet constriction	Bolt controls firing poppet
		Animation slow
		Animation
Empire Axe		Animation fast
		Animation slow
BT TM7, TM15		Animation
TM7/TM15/Empire DFender		Cutaway
XXXI King Cobra		Animation
SP mqev "spoppet" concept		Animation fast	Balanced bolt actuation forward-rearward		Sequential FCP	spool valve bolt	Bolt controls firing poppet
		Animation slow
Combustion markers:
Tippmann C3		Animation	Mechanical pump (heldforward)		Propane combustion valve	Sequential FCP*	Inlet valve is momentarilly-actuated by pump handle
Leftovers:
Airbow gun			Single action (no bolt)		Air compression valve	inlet constriction*
DRV		Diagram	Double action (no bolt)		Hammer spring-firing valve	inlet constriction
E-volt concept		Animation	Unbalanced heldforward	Spring bolt return	Hammer spring-firing valve*	inlet constriction*	Firing pressure is created by a compression chamber during each shot

Other Equipment:

Item:	Animation:	Comments:
Tippmann Cyclone loader	Animation	Drive sprocket is actuated by blowback air pressure from the valve, then returned by a spring.
Dye Rotor loader	Animation link	A planetary gear set is used to increase torque on the drive sprocket
RAP4 M68 grenade launcher	Animation	Push-button dump valve.
Milsig Heat Core grenade launcher	Animation	Blowforward dump valve actuated by a small triggering pilot valve.
Floating poppet regulator	Animation fast	Simplified animation for a "floating poppet" piston-based regulator. Fluid enters the piston chamber and forces it to expand against the spring, allowing the valve to close.
	Animation slow
Floating poppet diaphragm regulator	Animation fast	Simplified animation for a "floating poppet" diaphragm-based regulator. Fluid enters the diaphragm chamber and forces it to expand against the spring, allowing the valve to close.
	Animation slow
Moving base regulator	Animation fast	Simplified animation for a "moving base" regulator. Fluid passes through the piston and forces it to expand against the spring, closing the valve.
	Animation slow
Autococker "3-way" directional valve	Animation (non-sealed)	These two-position valves are actuated mechanically in order to control airflow through one of the two possible output ports.
	Animation (sealed)
Parker K-series solenoid	Animation fast	This "piloted" indirect solenoid valve combines a 4-way directional valve (spool) which is actuated by a miniature 2-way air pilot, controlled by the electromagnet. Other piloted solenoids work similarly.
	Animation slow
Mac 43-series solenoid	Animation fast	This direct-acting solenoid valve has a 4-way directional spool linked directly to its electromagnet. Other direct-acting solenoids work similarly.
	Animation slow
Shoebox compressor/intensifier	Animation fast	This is a pressure intensifier that boosts "shop air" input pressure (90-100 psi) up to HPA tank levels (3k-4.5k). The red release spring is the feedback mechanism; as the pressure increases, mechanical leverage causes it to eventually push against the on/off switch when tank pressure is achieved.
	Animation medium
	Animation slow
Freedom8 compressor/intensifier	Animation fast	The Freedom8 Shoebox is an upgraded version of the original design. Notably, it uses an adjustable pressure limit switch instead of the preset mechanical shutoff.
	Animation medium
	Animation slow
4C eye system	4C off animation	The 4C eyes monitor the ball dropping motion and allows the marker to initiate firing before the next ball is fully seated.
	4C on animation
Chop animation	Animation fast	Demonstration of different types of paintball breaks in a marker. This was meant to highlight the difference between a ball being chopped and a ball breaking in the barrel.
	Animation slow
Eclipse Deftek offset feed	Animation	Push-button dump valve.

Updates: (reverse-chronological, newest-first)
2018.Nov.11 - Added animations for Deftek offset feed, slower Eclipse CS1, and GTEK/GMEK.
2016.Jul.24 - Added animations for the following: Eclipse CS1, BT-16, Proto SLG, SuperNova.
2015.Nov.8 - Revised the terminology section by adding nested lists and more prominent examples of each type.
2015.Nov.6 - Added an animation for the AirStar Nova. I've also reinstated the "categories" used in the past. Maybe it'll help organize things. I also added prominent examples for some of the marker terminology definitions.
2015.Oct.25 - Added a few assorted animations meant to suppliment tech articles from other portions of the website. Of them is a set of simple regulator animations (both styles of regulator design) and an animation for a direct-acting Mac solenoid. I also made an animation of an Empire Axe to show some of the different internals compared to Minis.
2015.Mar.31 - Added an animation for the Milsig Heat Core, a grenade launching addon for other equipment.
2015.Feb.28 - Added the Alien Deception and Shocker RSX to the listings. Added animation links for a Tippmann Model98, Eclipse LV1, Ion Hollowpoint bolt, and MacDev Clone series. Also reclassified some markers by adding a new category of firing valve called the SWITCH VALVE, which is found in the following markers: J4 Torque, Lurker Paragon, Hostile Creations Rogue, and D3FY D3S. This firing method is sufficiently different as to create a new category in order to describe it.
2014.Sep.1 - Updated the animation for the Lurker Paragon, added a diagrams for the unreleased Mayhem pistol, and added an animation for an AEG airsoft gun that represents the unreleased E-volt marker.
2014.May.22 - Updated animations for both classic Shoebox and Freedom8 compressors (updated graphics and internal details). Also repaired a couple dead links to outside pages that weren't loading. All videos and youtube links now read as "animation link" which opens in a new window.
2014.May.18 - Added animations for the Freedom8 Shoebox compressor/intensifier.
2014.Apr.24 - Added an animation for an Ion with Orange NanoExtreme bolt, and a diagram for the Shocker SFT Marmalade bolt concept. Also fixed the link to the Shocker Freeflow bolt diagram. Revised the terminology descriptions at the top of the page.
2014.Mar.26 - Added animations for the following: ICD Freestyle FS8, DLX moving base type regulator, and TAS Zealot.
2014.Mar.7 - Added information for the Icebreaker concept and Lurker Paragon. Also, retro-actively added the updates section that you are currently reading.
2014.Feb.11 - Links to outside webpages have been fixed (the popup images interfered with them). Added the terminology section at the top of the page. Added listings for the following: paintball chopping animation, DRV pistol, airbow-gun, Empire DFender, Thorpydo Plunger, and J4 Torque.
2014.Jan.6 - Get out from under your rock, the new and updated mass classification page is now online! The old animation listing pages have been removed and replaced with this single giant chart. The amount of content on this page tripled in size and now includes concept markers, prototypes, and listings for virtually every prominent marker design ever produced.

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